英语语法
语序和五种基本句型
英语的五种基本句式
- 主语:主体
- 谓语:主体执行的动作
- 系动词:连系作用的动词,连接前面的主语和后面的表语
- 表语:描述主语的性质、特点、位置
- 宾语:动作承受者
- 间接宾语:通常是人
- 直接宾语:通常是物
- 宾语补语:补充宾语,补充宾语的信息
- 主 + 谓
- 主 + 系 + 表
- 主 + 谓 + 表
- 主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
- 主 + 谓 + 宾语 + 宾语补语
句式一
Subject(主语) + Verb(谓语)
The universe remains:宇宙长存
The universe + remains
句式二
主语 + 系动词 + 表语
The food is delicious:这个食物很好吃
The food + is + delicious
句式三
主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
He took his bag and left:他拿着书包离开了
句式四
主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
Her father bought her a dictionary:她爸爸给她买了一本词典
句式五
主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 补语
We made him our monitor:我们选他当班长
总结:Nothing is impossible to a willing heart!有志者事竟成!
be动词的形式和用法
be动词的形式
be,is,am,are,was,were,being,been
is,am,are:一般现在时
was,were:过去时,was使用在单数主语的后面,were使用在复数主语的后面
being,been:being是be动词的现在分词,been是be动词的过去分词
- The man is back. 译:那个男人回来了
- They are back. 译:他们回来了
- He was back. 译:他(之前就回来了)回来了
- They were back. 译:他们(之前就回来了)回来了
- They have been back. 译:他们(已经)回来了
be动词的用法
后面接名词、形容词、地点副词或短语作补足语
be动词连接主语及补足语成分
- The man is a teacher. –> a teacher作为补足语,补充说明前面的teacher
- Mary’s new dresses are colorful. –> 第一个is是连接主语和后面的补足语成分
- My mother was in the kitchen. –> in the kitchen,说明了主语的位置,be动词连接主语
练习:
他们是老师(they,teachers)
they are teachers.
他以前是一名老师(he, a teacher,before)
he was a teacher before.
他已经当了3年的老师(for 3 years)
he has been a teacher for 3 years.
Be动词的否定、提问、回答
在am,is,are,was,were后面加not.
缩略式am not,isn’t,aren’t,wasn’t,weren’t
使用be动词提问和回答
Is he a teacher?
Yes he is / No,he isn’t
Are you a teacher?
Yes,I am / No,I am not.
Were they teachers?
Yes,they were / No,they weren’t
代词的主格和宾格
主格代词
主格代词一般用于主语的位置上
I,he,she,it,you,we,they
I:我
he:他
she:她
it:它
you:你/你们
we:我/我们
they:他们
- I am a teacher.
- He is a teacher
- You are teachers
宾格代词
me,him,her,it,you,us,them
意思与上述主格代词相同
- He likes me.
- We like her.
- I like them.
名词性/形容词性物主代词
形容词性物主代词
不可单独,需要形容后面的词
单数形式:
- my:我的
- your:你的
- his:他的
- her:她的
- its:它的
- one’s:某人的
复数形式:
- our:我们的
- your:你们的
- their:他们的
- This is my book.
- We love our motherland.
- Those are your socks.
名词性物主代词
本身就含有了名词的概念,后面不能再接名词
单数形式:
- mine
- yours
- his
- hers
- its
- one’s:某人的
复数形式:
- ours:我们的
- yours:你们的
- theirs:他们的
- The book is ours
- The apple is hers
反身代词
单数形式
- myself:我自己
- yourselft:你自己
- herself:她自己
- himself:他自己
- itself:它自己
复数形式
- yourselves:你们自己
- ourselves:我们自己
- themselves:他们自己
作用:
- 做宾语
- 做同谓语
实意动词
动作有实际意义的动词称为实意动词
实意动词的特征
实意动词
- come:来
- read:读
- go:去
- watch:看
- play:玩
- fly:飞
单三形式:一般现在时,主语是第三人称单数,需要使用动词的单三形式,在动词后面加入s、es、或将最后的y改成res
- He comes from Shenyang.
- She is reading story books.
- They went to America yesterday.
- 这里的went是由go的过去形式产生的
- We have watched the game for three times.
- My mother will fly back to China next month.
实意动词的否定/提问/回答
使用助动词进行否定
在助动词do does did后面加not
do、does:一般现在时,do一般使用在非第三人称单数的上面,而does使用在第三人称单数上
did:一般过去时
do not/don’t
does not/doesn’t
did not/didn’t
- I don’t go to school by bus/我不坐公共汽车去学校
- She doesn’t watch TV everyday/她每天都不看电商
- They didn’t swim last night/昨天晚上他们没有游泳
使用助动词进行提问
- He often plays golf.
- Does he often play golf?
- Yes,he does / No,he doesn’t
- They go to school by bus.
- Do they go to school by bus?
- Yes,they do / No,they don’t
- Sam had breakfast yesterday.
- Did Sam have breakfast yesterday?(这里的had需要变为原型)
- Yes,he did / No,he didn’t
使用疑问词进行提问和回答
使用疑问词进行提问
- when:什么时候
- where:哪
- who:谁
- what:什么
- how:怎么
- how long:多长时间
- how far:多远
- how often:多长时间一次
- why:为什么
He bought three books yesterday.
谁买的:Who bought three books yesterday?
买了什么:What did he buy yesterday?
什么时候买的:When did he buy three book?
They have been in China for three years.
How long have they been in China?(将have提到主语的前面)
It is about 4 kilometers from Beijing to Xi’an.
How far is it from Beijing to Xi’an?
They come to visit me once a week.
How often do they come to visit me?(这里的do是因为原句中不存在助动词,所以借出一个并让主语后面的动词变为原型)
She came late,because she missed the bus.
Why did she come late?(这里的come是变为了原型,did是过去时)
名词
名词分两类:
可数名词(countable noun)
指数得过来的概念
不可数名称(uncountable noun)
无法计算的数量或抽象概念
- 可数名词:apple,pencil,student
- 不可数名称:salt,coffee,water,history,love
两个或两个以上的名词,需要变为复数
可数名词有单数和复数之分:
- apple-apples
- pencil-pencils
- tomato-tomatoes
不可数名称无复数,只用单数表征:
- salt-salt
- coffee-coffee
- water-water
名称变复数的规则
- 一般末尾加上后缀-s,friend->friends
- 以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后缀-es,bus -> buses
- 辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改为i,再加-es,candy->candies
- 以-o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写,就加-es,tomato->tomatoes,hippo(河马)->hippos[河马这个单词较长,所以被省略了很多,只加s]
元音字母:a、e、i、o、u
辅音字母:其他都是辅音字母
外来词:不是英语词汇
缩写词:将一段长词汇简略就是缩写词
可数名词前可以加a(an)或量词
- apple
- an apple(以元音字母开头的单词用an表示一个)
- apples
- a box of apples
- tomato
- a tomato
- tomatoes
- a bag of tomatoes
不可数名称前不可加a(an).没有复数,但前面可以加量词
- coffee
- a cup of coffee
指示代词和不定代词
指示代词:标识人或事物的代词,用来替代前面已提到过的名称
this:这个
these:这些
that:那个
those:那些
不定代词:指代不确定的人或事物。
one:一个
the other:另外一个
some:一些
any :一些
something:某物/事
nothing:什么都没有
No one knows where he is.(没有一个人知道他在哪,这里的one不明确)
x // 中缀表达式转后缀表达式并计算public static String computedInfixResult(List
list){ // 初始化两个栈,数栈和结果栈 Stack stack1 = new Stack (); Stack stack2 = new Stack (); for (String val : list) { if (val.matches(“\d+”)){ // 数字载入数栈 stack1.push(val); } else{ // 不为数栈 // 则为运算符或小括号 // 判断结果栈是否为空,为空或为小括号就直接加入 if(stack2.isEmpty() || stack2.peek().equals(“(“)){ stack2.push(val); } else if (priority(val) == -1) { // 为小括号,则直接压入栈中 if (val.equals(“(“)) stack2.push(val); else{ // 右括号 while (true){ if (stack2.peek().equals(“(“)){ // 当比较后不为(时,进行循环,依次弹出每一个顶上的数据 stack2.pop(); break; }else { // 存入其它运算符 stack1.push(stack2.pop()); } } } } else if (priority(val) >= priority(stack2.peek())){ // 如果新的运算符优先级大于栈顶运算符的优先级的话 stack1.push(stack2.pop()); // 当结果栈不为空时,比较优先级 while (!stack2.isEmpty()){ if (priority(val) >= priority(stack2.peek())){ stack2.push(val); }else break; } } } } while (!stack2.isEmpty()){ stack1.push(stack2.pop()); } StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder(); int size = stack1.size(); for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { res.append(stack1.pop() + “ “); } return String.valueOf(res.reverse());}// 返回运算符的优先级,自定,返回的数字越大优先级越高public static int priority(String operation){ if (operation.equals(“*”) || operation.equals(“/“)){ return 1; } else if (operation.equals(“+”) || operation.equals(“-“)) { return 0; }else{ return -1; // 假定的表达式只有加减乘除 }}// 将中缀表达式转成对应的Listpublic static List toInfixExpressionList(String s){ // 定义List,存放中缀表达式对应的内容 List ls = new ArrayList<>(); int i = 0; // 指针,用于遍历表达式中的字符串 String str; // 多位数拼接 char c; // 遍历每一个字符,放入到c中 do{ // 如果c不是数字,就加入到ls if ((c = s.charAt(i)) < 48 || (c = s.charAt(i)) > 57){ ls.add(“” + c); // 不为数字,说明是运算符,直接加入 i++; // 指针后移 }else{ // 如果是数字,需要考虑多位数的情况 str = “”; // 每一次都需要重置该字符串 while (i < s.length() && (c=s.charAt(i)) >= 48 && (c=s.charAt(i)) <= 57){ // 48 - 57 -> 0 ==> 9 str += c; // 对数字进行拼接 i++; } ls.add(str); } }while (i < s.length()); return ls;}java
形容词
形容词通常形容人或事物的状态,性质,大小等,通常用在名词前,be动词后
- beautiful-the beautiful girl
- The girl is beautiful
The + 形容词 = 复数名词,表示一类。后面的动词使用复数
- old-the old
- young-the young
- The old need more care than the young
副词
副词可以修饰动词,形容词,其他副词以及其他结构
- He runs fast
- She is very beautiful
- They work very hard
副词的位置:
- 根据情况,放在助动词之后,实意动词之前或之后
- 形容词之前,其他副词之前或之后
- 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后
- He speaks very fast
- They have already left
- They have already been repaired
常用的频度副词(always,usually,often,sometimes,never)的位置通常放在一般动词前面,be动词后面,助动词和实意动词之间。
- They always come early.
- Sam often writes homework at 7:00.
不定量表达法
- some:一些
- any:一些
- most:大多数
- every:每一个
- all:所有的
some,any都表示”一些”,some主要用于肯定句,希望得到肯定回答时,也可用在疑问句中,any主要用在否定和疑问句中。
- I’d been expecting some letters the whole morning,but there weren’t any for me
most作形容词时表示大部分的,后面接复数名词
- Most people here are from China.
every表示”每一个,所有”后面接单数名词
- Every one likes the film
all表示”所有”,后面接可数名词复数,不可数名词单数。
All the cars are parked in the parking lot.
All the coffee is served on time.
both:表示两者都,可作形容词,代词,副词
either:是两者之一
neither:是两者都不
- Both his eyes were serverly burned.
- There are trees on either side of the street.
- Neither answer is correct.
- many:修饰可数名词,表示“许多”
- much修饰不可数名词,表示“许多”
- a lot of[lots of],plenty of 均可修饰可数和不可数名词
many books、much water
a lot of/ lots of books / water
- a few:为肯定含义“几个”
- few:为否定含义“没几个”
以上两个词均可和可数名词连用
A few books are put into the box.
Few books are put into the box
a little为肯定含义“一点儿”
little为否定含义“没多点”
以上两个词均可和不可数名词连用
- There is a little water in the bottle
- There is little water in the bottle
none和no one的意思相同,主要作代词,翻译为“一个也不,一点也不”,用法稍有区别
- none可以接of短语,动词可用单数也可用复数
- no one不能接of短语,动词只能用单数
- No one knows the answer
- None of us have(has) arrived
There/Here be句型
There/Here + (be) 根据上下文,有多种翻译方法,可以翻译成“有”,“这是”,be动词根据后面的名词有单复数变化
- There is a book on the bookshelf.
- There are some books on the bookshelf.
- Here is the bus stop.
- Here are your books.
一般现在时和现在进行时
一般现在时,表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作。主语是单数第三人称时,动词有单三的变化,主语是非第三人称单数时,动词变为原形
- They often get up at 7:00.
- He often gets up at 7:00
一般现在时,动词的单三变化:
在动词尾直接加s
如:play-plays
以字母s、x、ch或o结尾的动词加-es,如:guess-guesses
以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es,如:study-studies
- 一般现在时否定和疑问句用do,does帮助构成
- He doesn’t like the car.(does用在单三上,do用于非单三)
- Does he like the car ?
- Yes,he does./No he doesn’t
现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。句子通常有now等时间副词呼应,基本构成形式为be + doing
- They are watching TV.
- He is watching TV.
- I am watching TV.
动词现在分词的变化规则:
- 一般情况下,直接在动词后加-ing,如:work - working
- 动词以不发音的 -e 结尾,要去e加Ing,如:take - taking
- 重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母,再加 -ing,如:cut - cutting
- 以-ie结尾的动词,变y再加-ing,如:lie - lying
现在进行时变否定句和疑问句时,将be动词否定或提前
- They aren’t watching TV.
- Are they watching TV?
- He isn’t watching TV.
- Is he watching TV?
- Am I watching TV?
- Yes,you are / No,you aren’t.
一般过去时和过去进行时
一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的行为
基本结构:主语+动词过去式+其他,一般动词在动词后面加ed,还有一些不规律动词不规则变化
play-played、come-came
- He worked very hard last night.
- They came here by car.
动词一般过去时变化规则:
- 一般在动词后加-ed。如:play-played
- 在以字母e结尾的动词后,只加-d。如:like-liked
- 在以”辅音字母+y”结尾的动词后,改y为i,再加-ed。如:supply-supplied
- 在以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ed。如:plan-planned
过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一时间内进行或发生的动作。
其形式为was / were + doing
- They were waiting for you.
- He was talking with his friends just now.
将来时
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或状态。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。
- tomorrow(明天)
- next week(下周)
- int the future(将来)
”助动词will或shall + 动词原形“,表示将来发生的事情。
- They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow.
- We shall leave for Shanghai in next month.
“be going to + 动词原形”用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及已有迹象表明必将发生某事,意为“打算;就要”。
- They are going to play football this afternoon
- She is going to learn French next year.
“be doing”表示位置转移的动词。如:go,come,leave,start,arrive,可用现在进行时表示将来时。
- They are leaving for Japen.
- She is arriving tomorrow.
完成时
现在完成时(have + p.p.[过去分词]),动作过去发生,已经完成,对现在造成影响或后果,动作可能还会持续,可使用的时间状语为:already(已经) 和 yet(还)
- They have already arrived in Shanghai.
- She has played soccer for 3 hours.(这里的has是根据单三的形式发生变化)
- She hasn’t finished the homework yet.
过去完成时(had + .p.p),表示句中的动作发生在过去之前,即过去的过去,已经完成,对过去造成了一定的影响或后果
- They had arrived in Shanghai.
- She had played soccer for 3 hours.
- They hadn’t finished the work yet.
动词用法
动词根据功能分为四类
- 实意动词(Notional Verb)
- 系动词(Link Verb)
- 助动词(Auxiliary Verb)
- 情态动词(model Verb)
- 动词有数量和时态的变化,时态通常有三大时态:现在,过去和将来时
- 根据动作进行的状态可分为:一般时,进行时和完成时
- 使用动词时通常将(1)和(2)结合。例如:一般现在时,过去进行时
- He goes to school every day.
- He went to hospital last night.
情态动词
- can/could 表示能力,用be able to代替can/could 现在/过去的能力客观可能性(can的可能性大),表示请求和允许
- He can/could/is able to swim.
- He can/could come tomorrow.
- Can/could I stay here?
- may/might 表示可能性,may的可能性大,在请求、允许中might更委婉
口语中常用的回答:
- Yes,please.
- No,you can’t/mustn’t(禁止,不准)
- He may/might come here by bus.
- May/might join you?
- Yes,please/No,you can’t/No,you mustn’t